References#
Africa – Countries & Regions – International Energy Agency. (2022). IEA. https://www.iea.org/regions/africa/emissions
Calamita, E., Vanzo, D., Wehrli, B., & Schmid, M. (2021). Lake modeling reveals management opportunities for improving water quality downstream of transboundary tropical dams. Water Resources Research, 57(4). https://doi.org/10.1029/2020wr027465
ClimateData.ca. (2025, February 28). Understanding Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs) — ClimateData.ca. https://climatedata.ca/resource/understanding-shared-socio-economic-pathways-ssps/
Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2024). World Population Prospects. United Nations. https://population.un.org/wpp/graphs?loc=2087&type=Probabilistic Projections&category=Population&subcategory=1_Total Population
Dube, K., & Nhamo, G. (2023). Evaluating climate Change’s impact on hydroelectricity in the Zambezi river basin. Heliyon, 9(12), e23235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23235
Energy sector – Ministry of Energy. (2023). https://www.moe.gov.zm/?page_id=2198 Fleming, A. (2021, February). Kariba Dam - Hydrology and power generation. WesternPower. https://observablehq.com/@westernpower/kariba
GRDC Data Portal. https://portal.grdc.bafg.de/applications/public.html?publicuser=PublicUser#dataDownload/Stations
Hamududu, B., & Killingtveit, Å. (2016). Hydropower production in future climate scenarios; The case for the Zambezi River. Energies, 9(7), 502. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9070502
Harris, M. (2019, September 2). ZRA selects Razel-Bec to perform dam safety improvements at Africa’s Kariba Dam. Factor ThisTM. https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/hydro-power/dams-civil-structures/zra-selects-razel-bec-to-perform-dam-safety-improvements-at-africa-s-kariba-dam/
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A., Muñoz‐Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., … Thépaut, J. (2020). The ERA5 global reanalysis. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 146(730), 1999–2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803 Hisham (2024). GM - Population - Dataset - V8 [Dataset]. In Online Google Docs (Version V8). Gapminder. https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/11qDjnPu2BlFFegwpPl3CcyZtfiYT4R2seU_IcIcJkHM/edit?gid=501532268#gid=501532268
Hulsman, P., Savenije, H. H., & Hrachowitz, M. (2021). Satellite-based drought analysis in the Zambezi River Basin: Was the 2019 drought the most extreme in several decades as locally perceived? Journal of Hydrology Regional Studies, 34, 100789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2021.100789
Hut, R., Drost, N., Van De Giesen, N., Van Werkhoven, B., Abdollahi, B., Aerts, J., Albers, T., Alidoost, F., Andela, B., Camphuijsen, J., Dzigan, Y., Van Haren, R., Hutton, E., Kalverla, P., Van Meersbergen, M., Van Den Oord, G., Pelupessy, I., Smeets, S., Verhoeven, S., … Weel, B. (2022). The eWaterCycle platform for open and FAIR hydrological collaboration. Geoscientific Model Development, 15(13), 5371–5390. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5371-2022
ILEC TWAP Lakes Portal. https://ilec.lakes-sys.com/portals/lake_detail/15/0 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2023). Summary for policymakers. In Core Writing Team, H. Lee, & J. Romero (Eds.), Climate change 2023: Synthesis report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp. 1–34). IPCC. https://doi.org/10.59327/IPCC/AR6-9789291691647.001
Kling, H., Fuchs, M., & Paulin, M. (2012). Runoff conditions in the upper Danube basin under an ensemble of climate change scenarios. Journal of Hydrology, 424–425, 264–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.01.011
Lindström G., Johansson B., Persson M., Gardelin M. & Bergström S. 1997 Development and test of the distributed HBV-96 hydrological model. Journal of Hydrology 201, 272–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(97)00041-3.
Ministry of Energy & UK International Development. (2023). Integrated Resource Plan for the Power sector in Zambia. In Summary Report. Ministry of Energy. https://www.moe.gov.zm/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/IRP-Summary-Report_2023.12.05_Final.pdf
Muguti, E., Kulemeka, N., Ndinya, E., ONEC2/SARC, Negash, E., Rugamba, A., & Mbekeani, K. (2015). PROJECT: KARIBA DAM REHABILITATION PROJECT. African Development Bank Group. https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/Multinational_-Kariba_Dam_Rehabilitation_Project-_ESIA_Summary-_11_2015.pdf
SACREEE. (2022). Zimbabwe | SACREEE Community. SACREEE - Member States. https://www.sacreee.org/member-state/zimbabwe
Shagega, F. P., Munishi, S. E., & Kongo, V. M. (2019). Assessment of potential impacts of climate change on water resources in Ngerengere catchment, Tanzania. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Parts a/B/C, 116, 102804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2019.11.001
Southern Africa: El Niño Regional Humanitarian Overview, September 2024. (2024, September 20). OCHA. https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/mozambique/southern-africa-el-nino-regional-humanitarian-overview-september-2024
Statista. (2024, March 21). Population of Africa as a share of global population 2020-2050. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1224632/population-of-africa-as-a-share-of-global-population/
University of Notre Dame. (2022). ND-GAIN Country Index Rankings. Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative. Retrieved May 6, 2025, from https://gain.nd.edu/our-work/country-index
Wina, NL, A., Money, & J, N. (1999, July 26). Zambezi River | Physical features. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambezi-River/Climate
World Bank Group. (2023). Country Economic Update: Electrifying Zimbabwe’s Growth Through Reliable and Universal Energy Access. In World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/zimbabwe/publication/country-economic-update-electrifying-zimbabwe-s-growth-through-reliable-and-universal-energy-access
World Meteorological Organization. (2025, May 12). Extreme weather and climate change impacts hit Africa hard [Press release]. WMO. https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/extreme-weather-and-climate-change-impacts-hit-africa-hard
World Meteorological Organization. (2025). State of the climate in Africa 2024. In E-library WMO. WMO. https://library.wmo.int/idurl/69495
Zambezi River Authority. (n.d.). https://www.zambezira.org/
Zambezi River Basin | GRID-Arendal. (n.d.). https://www.grida.no/resources/5207
Zimbabwe Power Company. (n.d.). Kariba South Power Station. https://www.zpc.co.zw/powerstations/2/kariba-south-power-station